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THEAfridi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For other uses, see Afridi (disambiguation). Afridis اپريدي آفریدی [1] Languages Afridi: Pashto Religion Sunni Islam Related ethnic groups Khattaks · Orakzais · Wazirs · Mehsuds and other Karlani Pashtun tribes Afridis at Jamrūd Fort (1866); photo by Charles Shepherd. Jamrūd Fort was strategically located at the eastern entrance to the Khyber Pass in present-day Pakistan. The Afrīdī (Pashto: اپريدی‎ Aprīdai, plur. اپريدي Aprīdī; Urdu: آفریدی‎) is a Pashtun tribe present in Pakistan, with substantial numbers in Afghanistan. The Afridis are most dominant in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, inhabiting about 100p mi² (3000 km²) of rough hilly area in the eastern Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar, covering most of Khyber Agency, FR Peshawar and FR Kohat.[2] Their territory includes the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah. Afridi migrants are also found in India, mostly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jammu and Kashmir.[3] The Afridis are historically known for the strategic location they inhabit and their belligerence against outside forces; battling the Mughal dynasty's armies throughout Mughal rule.[1] The later clashes against British expeditions comprised the most savage fighting of the Anglo-Afghan Wars.[4] After the independence of Pakistan, Afridi tribesmen also helped attack Jammu and Kashmir for Pakistan during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947.[5] Today, Afridis make use of their dominant social position in FATA and areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by controlling transport and various businesses, including trade in arms, munitions, and other goods.[1] The Afridi are Pashtuns, part of the Karlani tribal confederacy, who fought both against and with the British in Afghanistan during all three Anglo-Afghan wars. The British frequently classified the peoples that they conquered with fixed personality or “racial” traits and regarded the Pashtun Afridi tribesmen as “warlike” peoples and one of the Martial Race. Different Afridi clans cooperated with the British forces in exchange for subsidies, and some even served with the Khyber Rifles, an auxiliary force of the British Indian Army.[6] Afridis speak the Afridi Pashto. Contents 1 Etymology and origins 1.1 A tribe of ancient Pashtuns 1.2 Theory of Afridi descent from Israelites 2 Clans 3 Religion 4 History 4.1 Resistance against the Mughals 4.2 Resistance against the British 5 Cuisine 6 List of notable Afridis 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology and origins[edit] The Afridis, classically called the Abaörteans (/ˌæbə.ɔːrˈtiːənz/; Latin: Abaortae), have their original homeland as Tirah, in Khyber Agency. According to Pashtun folklore, the Afridi tribe traces its origin back to the eponymous ancestor of all Pashtuns, Qais Abdur Rashid, through his youngest son, Karlan. Thus, the Afridi tribe are one of the Karlani tribe. A tribe of ancient Pashtuns[edit] Herodotus mentions a tribe of the Pactyans as Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται).[7] Scholars Grierson, Stein and Olaf Caroe equate these with modern Afridis on the basis of linguistic and geographic analysis.[8] Theory of Afridi descent from Israelites[edit] See also: Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites, Ten Lost Tribes, and Ten Lost Tribes The Afridis and other Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan have also been alleged to be the descendants of the lost Jewish tribes such as the Efraim.[citation needed] However, DNA and other research towards validating such claims has been inconclusive.[9][10][11] Clans[edit] The Afridi Tribe is sub classified into eight sub tribes listed below. Kuki Khel Malik din Khel Qambar Khel Kamar Khel Zakha Khel Aka Khel Sepah Adam Khel All Afridi clans have their own areas in the Tirah Valley, and most of them extend down into the Khyber Pass over which they have always exercised the right of toll. The Malikdin Khel live in the centre of the Tirah and hold Bagh, the traditional meeting place of Afridi jirgas or assemblies. The Aka Khel are scattered in the hills south of Jamrud. All of this area is included in the Khyber Agency. The Adam Khel live in the hills between Peshawar and Kohat. The Burki live in Kanigoram Valley, Waziristan and Peshawar. Their preserve is the Kohat Pass in which several of the most important Afridi gun factories are located. Religion[edit] All modern Afridis follow Islam. Their conversion to Islam is attributed to Sultan (Emperor) Mahmud of Ghazni by sources such as Ibbetson[12] and Haroon Rashid.[13] History[edit] Resistance against the Mughals[edit] The Afridis and their allies Khalils were first mentioned in the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Babar as violent tribes in need of subduing.[14] The Afridi tribes controlled the Khyber Pass, which has served as a corridor connecting the Indian subcontinent with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Its strategic value was not lost on the Mughals to whom the Afridis were implacably hostile.[15] Over the course of Mughal rule, Emperors Akbar and Jahangir both dispatched punitive expeditions to suppress the Afridis, to little success.[16] The Afridis once destroyed two large Mughal armies of Emperor Aurangzeb: in 1672, in a surprise attack between Peshawar and Kabul, and in the winter of 1673, in an ambush in the mountain passes.[17] The emperor himself had to lead an army into the mountains to suffocate the revolt and liberate the mountain passes and even then, another large army was "badly mauled" in Bajaur.[17][18] Allegedly, only five Mughals made it out of the battle alive.[19][20][21] Resistance against the British[edit] Afridi fighters photographed by John Burke in 1878 The Khyber Rifles in 1895 comprising an all-Afridi personnel This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The British connection with the Adam Khel Afridis commenced immediately after the annexation of the Peshawar and Kohat districts. Following the example of all the previous rulers, the British agreed to pay the tribe a subsidy to protect the pass. However, in 1850, 100p Afridis attacked a body of British sappers engaged in making a road, killing 12 and wounding 6. It was supposed that they disliked the construction of a road. An expedition of 3200 British troops was despatched, which traversed the country and punished them. When the Afridis of the Kohat Pass resisted, the Jowaki Afridis offered the use of their route instead; but they turned out more aggressive than the others, and in 1853, a force of 1700 British traversed their country and destroyed their stronghold at Bori.[citation needed] In 1854, the Aka Khels Afridis, not finding themselves admitted to a share of the allowances of the Kohat Pass, commenced a series of raids on the Peshawar border and attacked a British camp. An expedition of 1500 troops entered the country and inflicted severe punishment on the tribe, who made their submission and paid a fine.[citation needed] In 1877, the British government proposed to reduce the Jowaki allowance for guarding the Kohat Pass, and the tribesmen showed their resentment of this by cutting the telegraph wire and raiding into British territory. A force of 1500 troops penetrated their country in three columns in the Jowaki Expedition and did considerable damage by way of punishment. However, the attitude of the Jowakis continued the same, and their raids into British territory went on. A much stronger force, therefore, of 7400 British troops, divided into three columns, in 1877 and 1878, destroyed their principal villages and occupied their country for some time, until the tribe submitted and accepted government terms. The Kohat Pass was afterwards practically undisturbed.[citation needed] At the time of the British advance into Afghanistan in 1878, during the Second Afghan War, the Zakka Khel opposed the British advance and attacked their outposts. A force of 2500 British troops traversed their country, and the tribesmen made their submission. The Afridis of the Khyber Pass continued to cause the British trouble during the progress of the Second Afghan War so another force of 3750 British troops traversed their country, and after suffering some loss the tribesmen made their submission.[citation needed] In 1897, Afridis suddenly rose, captured all the posts in the Khyber held by their own countrymen and attacked the forts on the Samana Range near the city of Peshawar. The Tirah Expedition of the British forces followed, and negotiations for peace were then begun with the Afridis, who, under the threat of another expedition into Tirah in spring 1898, at length agreed to pay the fines and surrender the rifles demanded.[citation needed] In February 1908, the restiveness of the Zakka Khel again made a British expedition necessary, but the campaign was speedily ended.[citation needed] Cuisine[edit] See also: Pashtun cuisine Meat is an important part of their diet, which they often eat in the form of kabab (minced meat fried in oil), lamb curry, chicken curry or goat curry. The hotels in Peshawar Namak Mandi Bazar represent the traditional food of Afridis, especially lamb karahi. In vegetarian cuisine, traditional Indian Ingredients such as bindi (okra), rajma (kidney beans), dal (lentils) and sag (spinach) are notably eaten.[citation needed] List of notable Afridis[edit] See also: Category:Afridi people Shahid Afridi at the County Ground, Taunton, during Pakistan's 2010 tour of England Ayub Afridi, drug lord credited as founder of the Afghan heroin trade Javed Afridi, owner of PSL team Peshawar Zalmi and owner of Haier Pakistan Khatir Afridi, Pashtun poet Malik Mehrun Nisa Afridi, twice member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from Pakistan Peoples Party Riaz Afridi, former cricketer for the Pakistan Cricket Team Shaheen Afridi, Pakistani cricketer Shahid Afridi, Pakistani cricketer and former national captain, former world record-holder for the fastest century in One Day International cricket;[22] still holds the record for the most sixes hit in ODI cricket history[23] Sher Ali Afridi, former policeman from Peshawar who assassinated Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of British India, in 1872[24] Umar Gul, of the Malak Din Khel; cricketer; highest wicket taker in the 2007 T20 world cup and played a vital role in Pakistan's 2009 T20 world cup success See also[edit] Pakthas Pashtun people Yusufzai (Pashtun tribe) Pashtun tribes Khyber Rifles References[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c Afridi demographics in Pakistan and Afghanistan The excessive figure sometimes mentioned in Afghanistan reflects in a particular way the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan and actually represents an estimate of the whole of the Afridi tribe on both sides of the frontier. Jump up ^ Afridi demographics in FATA and FR Kohat Jump up ^ Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India, Khyber.org (retrieved 30 January 2008) Jump up ^ L. Thomas, Beyond Khyber Pass, London, n.d. (ca. 1925) Jump up ^ M.K. Teng (2001) Kashmir: The Bitter Truth Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Kashmir Information Network Jump up ^ Library of Congress Jump up ^ "The History of Herodotus Chapter 3, Verse 91; Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by G. C. Macaulay". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21. Jump up ^ Caroe, Olaf (1957). The Pathans. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-19-577221-0. Jump up ^ Amir Mizroch (9 January 2010). "Are Taliban descendants of Israelites?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Jump up ^ Sachin Parashar (11 January 2010). "Lucknow Pathans have Jewish roots?". Times of India. Jump up ^ Rory McCarthy (17 January 2010). "Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel". The Observer. Jump up ^ Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 217, Vol III, Published by Asian Educational Services Jump up ^ History of the Pathans By Haroon Rashid Published by Haroon Rashid, 2002 Item notes: v. 1 Page 45 Original from the University of Michigan Jump up ^ A. S. Beveridge, Babor-nama London, 1922 [repr. 1969], p. 412 Jump up ^ History of Khyber Agency: Gateway to the Subcontinent, Office of the Political Agent, Khyber Agency Jump up ^ C.M. Kieffer, Afridi, Encyclopædia Iranica ^ Jump up to: a b Richards, John F. (1996), "Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest.", The Mughal Empire, New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries, 5 (illustrated, reprint ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–171, ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2 Jump up ^ Khyber Agency Khyber.org, 3 July 2005 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Powell; J. S. W. Powell (1983), Famous regiments (illustrated ed.), Secker & Warburg, p. 69, ISBN 978-0-436-37910-9 Jump up ^ Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Perverse crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Jump up ^ Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Sex crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia, from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Jump up ^ ODI Records:- Fastest 100s Jump up ^ Yuvraj Singh vs Shahid Afridi | Who's The Greatest? Jump up ^ Helen Ellis (July 2009) The Assassination of Lord Mayo: The 'First' Jihad? Australian National University External links[edit] Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Afridi. Encyclopædia Iranica: AFRĪDĪ[permanent dead link] hidevte Pashtun tribes Bettani Ghilji Akakhel Alikhel Andar Gulwal Hotak Ibrahimkhel Ibrahimzai Kharoti Nasher Nasar Sulaimankhel Ahmadzai Jabbarkhel Tarakai Tokhi Painda Khel Lodi Dawlatzai Kundi Lodi Lohani Marwat Niazi Kharotakhel Sarwani Shirani Harifal Miani Sur Gharghashti Babai Dawi Gandapur Hafizkhel Ibrahimzai Nattuzai Yaqubzai Jadun Kakar Bazai Jalalzai Khudiadadzai Mirdadzai Ludin Mandokhel Mashwanis Musakhel Nasozai Panni Barozai Safi Karlani Afridi Adamkhel Kalakhel Bangash Baizais Banuchi Dawar Dilazak Khattak Khogyani Kharboni Sherzad Wazir Mahsud Bahlolzai Shamankhel Mangal Muqbil Orakzai Mamozai Zaimukhts Ormur Tirahi Turi Wardak Wazir Ahmadzai Darweshkhel Utmanzai Zadran Zazi Sarbani Durrani Achakzai Alakozai Alizai Hanbhi Badozai Barakzai Nawabi Barech Ishakzai Kiral Loni Mohammadzai Nurzai Panjpai Popalzai Habibzai Wazirzada Zirak Shinwari Mullagori Yusufzai Abakhel Adokhel Akazai Babuzai Balarkhel Chagharzai Degankhel Hassanikhel Hassanzai Kamalzai Khwaja Khel (Khwajgan) Madakhel Mahabatkhel Mandanr Khadarzai Niamatkhel Ranizai Tahirkheli Utmankhel Kamal Khel Other Sarbani Babar Gigyani tribe Ghoryakhel Chamkani Khalil Mulagori Kasi Gumoriani Kheshgi Mohmand Halimzai Muhammadzai Sherpao Storyani Tareen Tarkani Kakazai Mamund Salarzai Wur Allied tribes Awanzai Ismailkhel Sakzai Sheikh Mohammadi Authority control Edit this at Wikidata LCCN: sh85001760 Categories: Social groups of PakistanKarlani Pashtun tribesPashto-language surnamesPakistani names Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalk More Search Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia پښتو Русский Türkçe اردو 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018, at 17:13 (UTC). 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Afridi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Afridi (disambiguation).
Afridis
اپريدي
آفریدی
[1]
Languages
Afridi: Pashto
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Khattaks · Orakzais · Wazirs · Mehsuds
and other Karlani Pashtun tribes

Afridis at Jamrūd Fort(1866); photo by Charles Shepherd. Jamrūd Fort was strategically located at the eastern entrance to the Khyber Pass in present-day Pakistan.
The Afrīdī(Pashto:اپريدی‎Aprīdai, plur.اپريدي Aprīdī;Urdu: آفریدی‎) is a Pashtun tribe present in Pakistan, with substantial numbers inAfghanistan. The Afridis are most dominant in Pakistan'sFederally Administered Tribal Areas, inhabiting about100p mi² (3000 km²) of rough hilly area in the eastern Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar, covering most of Khyber Agency, FR Peshawar and FR Kohat.[2] Their territory includes the Khyber Pass andMaidan in Tirah. Afridi migrants are also found in India, mostly in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jammu and Kashmir.[3]
The Afridis are historically known for the strategic location they inhabit and their belligerence against outside forces; battling the Mughal dynasty's armies throughout Mughal rule.[1] The later clashes against British expeditionscomprised the most savage fighting of the Anglo-Afghan Wars.[4]
After the independence of Pakistan, Afridi tribesmen also helped attack Jammu and Kashmir for Pakistan during theIndo-Pakistani war of 1947.[5] Today, Afridis make use of their dominant social position in FATA and areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by controlling transport and various businesses, including trade in arms, munitions, and other goods.[1]
The Afridi are Pashtuns, part of the Karlani tribal confederacy, who fought both against and with the British in Afghanistan during all three Anglo-Afghan wars. The British frequently classified the peoples that they conquered with fixed personality or “racial” traits and regarded the Pashtun Afridi tribesmen as “warlike” peoples and one of the Martial Race. Different Afridi clans cooperated with the British forces in exchange for subsidies, and some even served with the Khyber Rifles, an auxiliary force of the British Indian Army.[6]
Afridis speak the Afridi Pashto.

Etymology and origins[edit]

The Afridis, classically called the Abaörteans (/ˌæbə.ɔːrˈtiːənz/; Latin: Abaortae), have their original homeland as Tirah, in Khyber Agency.
According to Pashtun folklore, the Afridi tribe traces its origin back to the eponymous ancestor of all Pashtuns,Qais Abdur Rashid, through his youngest son, Karlan. Thus, the Afridi tribe are one of the Karlani tribe.

A tribe of ancient Pashtuns[edit]

Herodotus mentions a tribe of the Pactyans as Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται).[7] Scholars Grierson, Stein and Olaf Caroeequate these with modern Afridis on the basis of linguistic and geographic analysis.[8]

Theory of Afridi descent from Israelites[edit]

See also: Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites,Ten Lost Tribes, and Ten Lost Tribes
The Afridis and other Pashtuns of Afghanistan andPakistan have also been alleged to be the descendants of the lost Jewish tribes such as the Efraim.[citation needed]However, DNA and other research towards validating such claims has been inconclusive.[9][10][11]

Clans[edit]

The Afridi Tribe is sub classified into eight sub tribes listed below.
  • Kuki Khel
  • Malik din Khel
  • Qambar Khel
  • Kamar Khel
  • Zakha Khel
  • Aka Khel
  • Sepah
  • Adam Khel

All Afridi clans have their own areas in the Tirah Valley, and most of them extend down into the Khyber Pass over which they have always exercised the right of toll. The Malikdin Khel live in the centre of the Tirah and hold Bagh, the traditional meeting place of Afridi jirgas or assemblies. The Aka Khel are scattered in the hills south of Jamrud. All of this area is included in the Khyber Agency. The Adam Khel live in the hills between Peshawar and Kohat. The Burki live in Kanigoram Valley, Waziristan and Peshawar. Their preserve is the Kohat Pass in which several of the most important Afridi gun factories are located.

Religion[edit]

All modern Afridis follow Islam. Their conversion to Islam is attributed to Sultan (Emperor) Mahmud of Ghazni by sources such as Ibbetson[12] and Haroon Rashid.[13]

History[edit]

Resistance against the Mughals[edit]

The Afridis and their allies Khalils were first mentioned in the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Babar as violent tribes in need of subduing.[14] The Afridi tribes controlled the Khyber Pass, which has served as a corridor connecting theIndian subcontinent with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Its strategic value was not lost on the Mughals to whom the Afridis were implacably hostile.[15]
Over the course of Mughal rule, Emperors Akbar andJahangir both dispatched punitive expeditions to suppress the Afridis, to little success.[16]
The Afridis once destroyed two large Mughal armies of Emperor Aurangzeb: in 1672, in a surprise attack betweenPeshawar and Kabul, and in the winter of 1673, in an ambush in the mountain passes.[17] The emperor himself had to lead an army into the mountains to suffocate the revolt and liberate the mountain passes and even then, another large army was "badly mauled" in Bajaur.[17][18]
Allegedly, only five Mughals made it out of the battle alive.[19][20][21]

Resistance against the British[edit]


Afridi fighters photographed by John Burkein 1878

The Khyber Rifles in 1895 comprising an all-Afridi personnel
The British connection with the Adam Khel Afridis commenced immediately after the annexation of the Peshawar and Kohat districts. Following the example of all the previous rulers, the British agreed to pay the tribe a subsidy to protect the pass. However, in 1850, 100p Afridis attacked a body of British sappers engaged in making a road, killing 12 and wounding 6. It was supposed that they disliked the construction of a road. An expedition of 3200 British troops was despatched, which traversed the country and punished them.
When the Afridis of the Kohat Pass resisted, the Jowaki Afridis offered the use of their route instead; but they turned out more aggressive than the others, and in 1853, a force of 1700 British traversed their country and destroyed their stronghold at Bori.[citation needed]
In 1854, the Aka Khels Afridis, not finding themselves admitted to a share of the allowances of the Kohat Pass, commenced a series of raids on the Peshawar border and attacked a British camp. An expedition of 1500 troops entered the country and inflicted severe punishment on the tribe, who made their submission and paid a fine.[citation needed]
In 1877, the British government proposed to reduce the Jowaki allowance for guarding the Kohat Pass, and the tribesmen showed their resentment of this by cutting the telegraph wire and raiding into British territory. A force of 1500 troops penetrated their country in three columns in the Jowaki Expedition and did considerable damage by way of punishment. However, the attitude of the Jowakis continued the same, and their raids into British territory went on. A much stronger force, therefore, of 7400 British troops, divided into three columns, in 1877 and 1878, destroyed their principal villages and occupied their country for some time, until the tribe submitted and accepted government terms. The Kohat Pass was afterwards practically undisturbed.[citation needed]
At the time of the British advance into Afghanistan in 1878, during the Second Afghan War, the Zakka Khel opposed the British advance and attacked their outposts. A force of 2500 British troops traversed their country, and the tribesmen made their submission. The Afridis of the Khyber Pass continued to cause the British trouble during the progress of the Second Afghan War so another force of 3750 British troops traversed their country, and after suffering some loss the tribesmen made their submission.[citation needed]
In 1897, Afridis suddenly rose, captured all the posts in the Khyber held by their own countrymen and attacked the forts on the Samana Range near the city of Peshawar. The Tirah Expedition of the British forces followed, and negotiations for peace were then begun with the Afridis, who, under the threat of another expedition into Tirah in spring 1898, at length agreed to pay the fines and surrender the rifles demanded.[citation needed]
In February 1908, the restiveness of the Zakka Khel again made a British expedition necessary, but the campaign was speedily ended.[citation needed]

Cuisine[edit]

See also: Pashtun cuisine
Meat is an important part of their diet, which they often eat in the form of kabab (minced meat fried in oil), lamb curry, chicken curry or goat curry. The hotels in Peshawar Namak Mandi Bazar represent the traditional food of Afridis, especially lamb karahi. In vegetarian cuisine, traditional Indian Ingredients such as bindi (okra), rajma(kidney beans), dal (lentils) and sag (spinach) are notably eaten.[citation needed]

List of notable Afridis[edit]

See also: Category:Afridi people

Shahid Afridi at the County Ground, Taunton, during Pakistan's 2010 tour of England

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c Afridi demographics in Pakistan and AfghanistanThe excessive figure sometimes mentioned in Afghanistan reflects in a particular way the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan and actually represents an estimate of the whole of the Afridi tribe on both sides of the frontier.
  2. Jump up^ Afridi demographics in FATA and FR Kohat
  3. Jump up^ Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India, Khyber.org (retrieved 30 January 2008)
  4. Jump up^ L. Thomas, Beyond Khyber Pass, London, n.d. (ca. 1925)
  5. Jump up^ M.K. Teng (2001) Kashmir: The Bitter TruthArchived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Kashmir Information Network
  6. Jump up^ Library of Congress
  7. Jump up^ "The History of Herodotus Chapter 3, Verse 91; Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by G. C. Macaulay". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21.
  8. Jump up^ Caroe, Olaf (1957). The Pathans. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-19-577221-0.
  9. Jump up^ Amir Mizroch (9 January 2010). "Are Taliban descendants of Israelites?". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011.
  10. Jump up^ Sachin Parashar (11 January 2010). "Lucknow Pathans have Jewish roots?". Times of India.
  11. Jump up^ Rory McCarthy (17 January 2010). "Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel". The Observer.
  12. Jump up^ Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 217, Vol III, Published by Asian Educational Services
  13. Jump up^ History of the Pathans By Haroon Rashid Published by Haroon Rashid, 2002 Item notes: v. 1 Page 45 Original from the University of Michigan
  14. Jump up^ A. S. Beveridge, Babor-nama London, 1922 [repr. 1969], p. 412
  15. Jump up^ History of Khyber Agency: Gateway to the Subcontinent, Office of the Political Agent, Khyber Agency
  16. Jump up^ C.M. Kieffer, Afridi, Encyclopædia Iranica
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b Richards, John F. (1996), "Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest.", The Mughal Empire, New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries, 5(illustrated, reprint ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 170–171, ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2
  18. Jump up^ Khyber Agency Khyber.org, 3 July 2005
  19. Jump up^ Geoffrey Powell; J. S. W. Powell (1983), Famous regiments (illustrated ed.), Secker & Warburg, p. 69,ISBN 978-0-436-37910-9
  20. Jump up^ Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Perverse crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  21. Jump up^ Robert E. L. Masters; Eduard Lea (1963). Sex crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia, from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p. 211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  22. Jump up^ ODI Records:- Fastest 100s
  23. Jump up^ Yuvraj Singh vs Shahid Afridi | Who's The Greatest?
  24. Jump up^ Helen Ellis (July 2009) The Assassination of Lord Mayo: The 'First' Jihad? Australian National University

External links[edit]


Location: Rafah-e-Aam Society Rafah e Aam Society Shah Faisal Colony, Karachi, Karachi City, Sindh, Pakistan

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