THE APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC LAW COUNTRY

Application of Islamic law by country

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Since the early Islamic states of the eighth and ninth centuries, Islamic law (known in Arabic as sharia) always existed alongside other normative systems.^[1]

Within sharia, some crimes are known as hudud, for which there are specific penalties specified by Islam. For example, according to some interpretations, adultery is punished by stoning, fornicationand the consumption of alcohol by lashing, and theft by the amputation of limbs. Many predominately Muslim countries have not adopted hudud penalties in their criminal justice systems.^[2][3] The harshest penalties are enforced with varying levels of consistency,^[4] and although most Muslim-majority countries adopt various aspects of sharia, some countries may only adopt a few aspects, whereas others apply the entire sharia code.^[2] The use offlogging is more common compared to punishments like amputations.^[3]

The adoption and demand for sharia in the legal system of nations with significant Muslim-minorities is an active topic of international debate.^[5] Introducing sharia as the law of the land in Muslim-majority nations has been described as "a longstanding goal for Islamist movements",^[6] and attempts to introduce or expand sharia have been accompanied by controversy,^[7] violence,^[8] and even warfare.^[9] Most countries of the world do not recognize sharia; however, some that do recognize sharia use it as the basis for divorce, inheritance and other personal affairs of their Islamic population.^[10] And in countries where Islam is the predominant religion, sharia is fully instituted, including laws governing punishment for sin against Allah and Islam – not just divorce, inheritance and personal affairs.^{[citation needed]}

There are also a few countries that outright ban sharia law, or restrict it in some form or another. Sharia law is explicitly banned inQuebec, Canada, upheld by a unanimous vote against it in 2005 by the National Assembly of Quebec,^[11] while the province of Ontarioallows family law disputes to be arbitrated only under Ontario law.^[12] In the United States, various states have outlawed sharia, or passed some form of ballot measure which "prohibits the states courts from considering foreign, international or religious law." As of 2014 these include Alabama, Arizona, Kansas, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Dakota and Tennessee.^[13]

Contents

• 1Definition and scope
• 2Classification
  • 2.1Classical sharia systems
  • 2.2Secular systems
  • 2.3Mixed systems
• 3Sharia in the world
  • 3.1Map
  • 3.2Table legend
  • 3.3Africa
  • 3.4Americas
  • 3.5Asia
  • 3.6Europe
  • 3.7Territories with limited recognition
  • 3.8Regional variations
• 4See also
• 5References

Definition and scope[edit]

Sharia law in this article means the moral code and religious law of Islam. It includes criminal, civil, personal, economic and all aspects of law as revealed in Quran and Hadiths; in its strictest and most historically coherent definition, sharia is considered the infallible law of Allah.^[14] The primary sources of sharia are the precepts set forth in the Quranic verses (ayahs), and the example set by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the Sunnah.^[15] The scope of sharia includes Islamic law as interpreted by Islamic judges (qadis) with varying responsibilities for the religious leaders. For questions not directly addressed in the primary sources, sharia includes consensus of the religious scholars (ulama) thought to embody the consensus of the Muslim Community (ijma).^[14][15]

Classification[edit]

The legal systems of Muslim countries may be grouped as: mixed systems, classical sharia systems, and secular systems.^[16]

Classical sharia systems[edit]

Classical sharia systems are those where sharia plays a dominant role and is present in most areas of a nation's legal system. Iran, Saudi Arabia and Sudan are examples of classical sharia systems.^[16]

Secular systems[edit]

Secular systems are those where sharia plays no role in the nation's legal system. Turkey is an example of a Muslim-majority nation with a secular system.^[16]

Mixed systems[edit]

Mixed systems are those where sharia is not dominant, but plays a significant role in one or more areas of the nation's legal system. This is observed in majority of Muslim nations.^[16]

Sharia in the world[edit]

Map[edit]

  Countries and members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation where sharia plays no official role in the judicial system.

  Countries where sharia applies in personal status issues (such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody).

  Countries where sharia applies in full, covering personal status issues as well as criminal proceedings.

  Countries with regional variations in the application of sharia.

Table legend[edit]

In addition to the categories above, the table also includes the following categories:

  Countries where Muslims can choose to have their cases heard under Islamic law or secular law.

  Countries where a small amount of Islamic law is mandatory in personal cases.

  Countries where Islamic law applies only for a particular form of Muslims.

  Countries where Islamic law not only applies in full but to non-Muslims too.

Africa[edit]

Key	Country	Notes
	Algeria	Article 222 of the Family Code of 1984 specifies sharia as the residuary source of laws.[17] The sharia-derived family code treats women as minors under the legal guardianship of a husband or male relative.[18]
	Benin	It has a civil law system with influences from customary law.[19]
	Burkina Faso	It has a civil law system.[19]
	Cameroon	It has a mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law.[19]
	Chad	After gaining independence from France, Chad retained the French legal system.[20]
	Comoros	The legal system is based on both Sharia and remnants of the French legal code.[21] According to the article 229-7 of the Penal Code, any Muslim who makes use of products forbidden by Islamic law can be punished by imprisonment of up to six months.[22]
	Cote d'Ivoire	It has a civil law system.[19]
	Djibouti	The Family Code is mainly derived from Islamic law and regulates personal status matters such as marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance.[23]Sharia does not apply to criminal law.[24]
	Egypt	Article 2 of Egypt's 2014 Constitution declares the principles of Islamic sharia to be the main source of legislation.[25]Egypt's law and enforcement system are in flux since its 2011 Revolution;[26] however, the declaration of Sharia's primacy in Article 2 is a potential ground for unconstitutionality of any secular laws in Egyptian legal code.[27] Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by theMinistry of Justice.[28]The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody is governed by sharia. In a family court, a woman’s testimony is worth half of a man’s testimony.[29]
	Eritrea	Sharia courts entertain cases dealing with marriage, inheritance and family of Muslims.[30]
	Ethiopia	Sharia courts have jurisdiction on cases regarding marriage, divorce, maintenance, guardianship of minors (only if both parties are Muslims). Also included are cases concerning waqfs, gifts, succession, or wills, provided that donor is a Muslim or deceased was a Muslim at time of death.[31]
	Gabon	It has a mixed legal system of French civil law and customary law.[19]
	Gambia	Article 7 of theconstitution identifies sharia as source of law in matters of personal status and inheritance among members of communities to which it applies.[32]
	Ghana	Ghana is a secular state. Any other laws inconsistent with the national constitution are deemed null and void. No religious laws are applied in civil or criminal cases .[33]
	Guinea-Bissau	It has a mixed legal system of civil law and customary law.[19]
	Guinea	It has a civil law system.[34]
	Kenya	Islamic law is applied byKadhis' Courts where "all the parties profess the Muslim religion".[35]Under article 170, section 5 of the constitution, the jurisdiction of Kadhis’ court is limited to matters relating to "personal status, marriage, divorce or inheritance in proceedings in which all the parties profess the Muslim religion and submit to the jurisdiction of the Kadhi’s courts".[36]
	Libya	Qaddafi merged civil and sharia courts in 1973. Civil courts now employ sharia judges who sit in regular courts of appeal and specialise in sharia appellate cases.[37] The personal status laws are derived from Islamic law.[38]
	Mali	It has a civil law system influenced by customary law.[19] In urban areas, positive law is common. In rural areas the customary law usually dominates. Local rural versions of sharia are the predominant sources for customary law.[39] Article 25 in Title II of Mali's constitution declares it to be a secular state.[40]
	Mauritania	The Penal Code contains Sharia crimes such as heresy, apostasy, atheism, refusal to pray, adultery and alcohol consumption. Punishments include lapidation, amputation and flagellation.[41]
	Mauritius	Muslim Personal Laws apply to Muslims. Polygamy is legal but the government will not officially recognize a polygamous marriage.[42][43]
	Morocco	In 1956, a Code of Personal Status (Mudawana) was issued, based on dominant Malikischool of Sharia jurisprudence. Regional Sharia courts also hear personal status cases on appeal.[44] In matters of family law, a woman’s testimony is worth only half of that of a man.[45]With 2003 reforms of its criminal law, Article 222 of its new criminal code is derived from Islamic law; Articles 220–221, 268–272 of its criminal law similarly codify those activities as crimes that are prohibited under Sharia.[46] Morocco adopted a new constitution in 2011; Article 41 of this constitution granted sole power to the Superior Council of the Ulemas to guide its laws throughFatwas from principles, precepts and designs of Islam.[47][48]
	Mozambique	Paula Rainha states that, "Mozambique’s legal system can be considered civil law based (at least the formal legal system) and legislation is the primary source of law."[49]
	Niger	It has not adopted any elements of Islamic law.[50]
	Senegal	The legal system of Senegal is based on French civil law.[51] The 1972 Family Code (Code de la famille)[52] is secular in nature.[53]Islamic law is allowed by article 571 of the Family Code only in the case ofintestate successions, and only if the person had demonstrated in life a wish that his succession would be regulated by Islamic law.[53] Most succession cases are decided under this provision.[54] There has been growing political attempts to introduce more sharia regulations.[55]
	Sierra Leone	It has a common law system influenced by customary law.[19]
	Somalia	Sharia was adopted in 2009.[56] Article 2 of Somali 2012 Constitution states no law can be enacted that is not compliant with the general principles and objectives of Sharia.[57][58] Sharia currently influences all aspects of Xeer as well as Somalia's formal legal system.[59]
	Sudan	Sharia has been declared the chief source of all legislation in Sudan's 1968, 1973 and 1998 Constitutions.[60] In 2005, Sudan adopted an interim national constitution; it removed some references to Sharia, but included Sharia-derived criminal, civil and personal legal codes, as well as Sharia-mandatedhudud punishments.[61]The Criminal Act of 1991 prescribes punishments which include forty lashes for drinking alcohol, amputation of the right hand for theft of a certain value and stoning for adultery.[62][63] However, there is no record of either any amputation or stoning ever having taken place in Sudan.[64]
	Tanzania	Islamic law is applicable to Muslims under the Judicature and Applications of Laws Act, empowering courts to apply Islamic law to matters of succession in communities that generally follow Islamic law in matters of personal status and inheritance. Unlike mainland Tanzania, Zanzibarretains Islamic courts.[65]
	Togo	It has a customary law system.[19]
	Tunisia	Tunisia has a long secular tradition with a legal system based on French civil law. The Law of Personal Status, considered a reference in secular family law across the Arab world, bans polygamy and extrajudicial divorce. Sharia courts were abolished in 1956.[66][67]Secular inheritance laws are indirectly based on Islamic jurisprudence, with religion never being mentioned in the Code of Personal Status; these laws accord to women half the share of property due to men.[68]
	Uganda	Article 129 (1) (d) of theconstitution allows the parliament to establish by law "Qadhi’s courts for marriage, divorce, inheritance of property and guardianship".[69]

Americas[edit]

Key	Country	Notes
	Guyana	The country has a common law system.[19]
	Suriname	The country has a civil law system.[19]

Asia[edit]

Key	Country	Notes
	Afghanistan	Criminal law in Afghanistan continues to be governed in large part by Islamic law. The Criminal Law of September 1976 codifies sharia, and retains punishments such as the stoning to death of adulterers. However virtually all courts, including the Supreme Court of Afghanistan, rely on Islamic law directly.[70]
	Azerbaijan	The government is declared to be secular in the constitution.[34]
	Bahrain	Article 2 of Bahrain's 2002 Constitution as originally adopted, as well as after February 2012 amendment, declares Islamic Sharia is a chief source of legislation.[71][72] Four tiers of ordinary courts have jurisdiction over cases related to civil, administrative and criminal matters, with Court of Cassation the highest civil court in Bahrain; in all matters, the judges are required to resort to Sharia in case legislation is silent or unclear.[72] Sharia courts handle personal statuslaws.[73][74] A personal status law was codified in 2009 to regulate personal status matters. It applies only to Sunni Muslims; there is no codified personal status law for Shiites. In a Shari’a court a Muslim woman's testimony is worth half of that of a Muslim man.[75]
	Bangladesh	Marriage, divorce, alimony and property inheritance are regulated by Sharia for Muslims.[76]The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 (XXVI of 1937) applies to Muslims in all matters relating to Family Affairs.[77] Islamic family law is applied through the regular court system.[78]There are no limitations on interfaith marriages.[79]
	Brunei	Sharia courts decide personal status cases or cases relating to religious offences.[80] SultanHassanal Bolkiahdeclared in 2011 his wish to establish Islamic criminal law as soon as possible.[81] A new penal code enacted in May 2014 will eventually prescribe sharia punishments, including the severing of limbs for property crimes and death by stoning for adultery and homosexuality.[82]
	India	The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937 directs the application of Muslim Personal Law to Muslims in a number of different areas, mainly related to family law.[83]
	Iran	Article 167 of theconstitution states that all judicial rulings must be based upon "authoritative Islamic sources and authentic fatwa".[84] Book 2 of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran is entirely devoted to hudud punishments.[85] Iranian application of sharia has been seen by scholars as highly flexible and directly contradicting traditional interpretations of the sharia.[86]
	Iraq	Article 1 of Civil Code identifies Islamic law as a main source of legislation.[87] The 1958 Code, made polygamy extremely difficult, granted child custody to the mother in case of divorce, prohibited repudiation and marriage under the age of 16.[88] In 1995, Iraq introduced Sharia punishment for certain types of criminal offenses.[89] Iraq's legal system is based on French civil law as well as Sunni and Jafari (Shi’ite) interpretations of Sharia.[90] Article 41 of the constitution allows for personal status matters (such as marriage, divorce and inheritance) to be governed by the rules of each religious group. The article has not yet been put into effect, and a unified personal status law remains in place that builds on the 1959 personal status code.[91]
	Israel	Islamic law is one of the sources of legislation for Muslim citizens.[92]Islamic law is binding on personal law issues for Muslim citizens.[92]
	Jordan	Jordan has Sharia courtsand civil courts. Sharia courts have jurisdiction over personal status laws, cases concerningDiya (blood money in cases of crime where both parties are Muslims, or one is and both the Muslim and non-Muslim consent to Sharia court's jurisdiction), and matters pertaining to Islamic Waqfs.[93] The Family Law in force is the Personal Status Law of 1976, which is based on Islamic law .[88] In Sharia courts, the testimony of two women is equal to that of one man.[94]
	Kazakhstan	Islamic law was in force up until early 1920.[95]The 1995 constitution is not based on sharia.[96]
	Kuwait	Article 2 of Kuwait's constitution identifies Islamic Sharia as a main source of legislation.[71][97]According to the United Nations, Kuwait's legal system is a mix of British common law, French civil law, Egyptian civil lawand Islamic law.[98] The sharia-based personal status law for Sunnis is based on the Maliki fiqhand for Shiites, their own school of Islam regulates personal status.[99][100]Before a family court the testimony of a woman is worth half of that of a man.[99] Kuwait blocks internet content prohibited by Sharia.[101]
	Kyrgyzstan	It has a civil law system.[34] However converting a Muslim is a crime.[102]
	Lebanon	Lebanon's legal system is based on a combination of Civil Law, Islamic law and Ottoman laws.[103]There are seventeen official religions in Lebanon, each with its own family law and religious courts. For the application of personal status laws, there are three separate sections: Sunni, Shia and non-Muslim. The Law of 16 July 1962 declares that Islamic law governs personal status laws of Muslims, with Sunni and Ja'afari Shia jurisdiction of Islamic law.[88] In a Muslim family court, the testimony of a woman is worth half of that of a man.[citation needed]
	Malaysia	Schedule 9 of Malaysian constitution recognizes Islamic law as a state subject; in other words, the states of Malaysia have the power to enact and enforce sharia.[104]Islamic criminal law statutes have been passed at the state level in Terengganu,[105]Kelantan[106] andPerlis,[107][page needed] but as of 2014 none of these laws have been implemented, as they contravene the Federal Constitution.[108][109][110]In 2007, Malaysia's Federal court ruled thatapostasy matter lay "within the exclusive jurisdiction of Sharia Courts".[104] Malaysian Muslims can be sentenced to caning for such offences as drinking beer,[111] and adultery.[112] Several sharia crimes, such askhalwat (close proximity of unmarried man and woman) are punishable only in Sharia courts of Malaysia. Publishing an Islamic book that is different from official Malaysian version, without permission, is a crime in some states. Other sharia-based criminal laws were enacted with "Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territory) Act of 1997".[104] Muslims are bound by Sharia on personal matters, while members of other faiths follow civil law. Muslims are required to follow Islamic law in family, property and religious matters.[113] In 1988 theconstitution was amended to state that civil courts cannot hear matters that fall within the jurisdiction of Sharia courts.[114]
	Maldives	Article 15 of the Act Number 1/81 (Penal Code) allows for hududpunishments.[115] Article 156 of the constitutionstates that law includes the norms and provisions of sharia.[116]
	Oman	Islamic Sharia is the basis for legislation in Oman per Article 2 of its Constitution, and promulgated as Sultani Decree 101/1996.[117]The Personal Statute (Family) Law issued by Royal Decree 97/32 codified provisions of Sharia.[118] Sharia Court Departments within the civil court system are responsible for personal status matters.[119] A 2008 law stipulates that the testimonies of men and women before a court are equal.[120]Oman's criminal law is based on a combination of Sharia and English common law.[121] Omani commercial law is largely based on Sharia; Article 5 of its Law of Commerce defaults to primacy of Sharia in cases of confusion, silence or conflict.
	Pakistan	Until 1978 Islamic law was largely restricted to personal status issues.Zia ul Haq introduced Sharia courts and made far reaching changes in the criminal justice system.[122] Articles 203a to 203j of the constitutionestablish a sharia court with the power to judge any law or government actions to be against Islam, and to review court cases for adherence to Islamic law. The penal code includes elements of sharia.[123] Under article 5, section 2 of theOrdinance No. VII of 1979, whoever is guilty ofzina, "if he or she is amuhsan, be stoned to death at a public place; or if he or she is not a muhsan, be punished, at a public place, with whipping numbering one hundred stripes".[124]Under a 2006 law, rape cases can be heard under civil as well as Islamic law.[125]
	Philippines	There are sharia trial and circuit trial courts inMindanao, which is home to the country's significantFilipino Muslimminority.[126] Sharia District Courts (SDCs) and Sharia Circuit Courts (SCCs) were created in 1977 through Presidential Decree 1083, which is also known as the Code of Muslim Personal Laws.[127] Islamic law only applies to civil cases involving all Muslims nationwide. Cases are handled in theAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and a couple of Mindanao provinces that are not part of ARMM by both sharia district and circuit courts, organised into five sharia districts. Outside these areas, sharia-related cases are processed in civil courts under a session from the five sharia districts.[128]All other cases, including criminal ones, are dealt with by local civil courts.[129]
	Qatar	Sharia is the main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's Constitution.[130][131]Islamic law is applied to laws pertaining to family law, inheritance, and several criminal acts(including adultery, robbery and murder). In some cases in Sharia-based family courts, a female's testimony is worth half a man's and in some cases a female witness is not accepted at all.[132] Flogging is used in Qatar as a punishment for alcohol consumption or illicit sexual relations.[133] Article 88 of Qatar's criminal code declares the punishment for adultery is 100 lashes.[134] Adultery is punishable by death when a Muslim woman and a non-Muslim man are involved.[134] In 2006, a Filipino woman was sentenced to 100 lashes for adultery.[134] In 2012, six expatriates were sentenced to floggings of either 40 or 100 lashes.[133] More recently in April 2013, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for alcohol consumption.[135][136][137]In June 2014, a Muslim expatriate was sentenced to 40 lashes for consuming alcohol and driving under the influence.[138] Judicial corporal punishment is common in Qatar due to the Hanbali interpretationof Islamic law. Article 1 of the Law No. 11 Of 2004 (Penal Code) allows for the application of "Sharia provisions" for the crimes of theft, adultery, defamation, drinking alcohol and apostasy if either the suspect or the victim is a Muslim.[139]
	Saudi Arabia	Saudi criminal law is based totally on sharia.[140] No codified personal status law exists, which means that judges in courts rule based on their own interpretations of sharia.[141] See Legal system of Saudi Arabia
	Singapore	Sharia courts may hear and determine actions in which all parties are Muslims or in which parties involved were married under Muslim law. Court has jurisdiction over cases related to marriage, divorce, betrothal, nullity of marriage, judicial separation, division of property on divorce, payment of dowry, maintenance, andmuta.[142]
	Sri Lanka	Private matters of Muslims are governed by Muslim Law, including marriage, divorce custody and maintenance. Muslim law principles have been codified in the Act No. 13 of 1951 Marriage and Divorce (Muslim) Act; Act No. 10 of 1931 Muslim Intestate Succession Ordinance and Act No. 51 of 1956 Muslim Mosques and Charitable Trusts or Wakfs Act.[143]
	Syria	Article 3 of the 1973Syrian constitutiondeclares Islamic jurisprudence one of Syria's main sources of legislation.[144] The Personal Status Law 59 of 1953 (amended by Law 34 of 1975) is essentially a codified Islamic law.[145] The Code of Personal Status is applied to Muslims by Sharia courts.[146] In Sharia courts, a woman's testimony is worth only half of a man's.[147]
	Tajikistan	The government is declared to be secular in the constitution.[34]However converting a Muslim is a crime.[148]
	Turkey	As part of Atatürk's Reforms, sharia was abolished in April 1924, with the Law Regarding the Abolition of Islamic Law Courts and Amendments Regarding the Court Organization.[149]
	Turkmenistan	Article 11 of theconstitution declares that religious groups are separate from the state and the state educational system. But the legal system is civil law with Islamic influences [150][151]Also converting a Muslim is a crime.[152]
	United Arab Emirates	Criminal law in UAE is governed by Islamic Courts alongside Secular courts. Also, Personal Status Law, and Family Law, are Sharia.
	Uzbekistan	It has a civil law system.[19] However converting a Muslim is a crime.[153]
	Yemen	Law 20/1992 regulates personal status. Theconstitution mentions sharia.[154] Penal law provides for application of hadd penalties for certain crimes, although the extent of implementation is unclear.[155] Article 263 of the 1994 penal code states that "the adulterer and adulteress without suspicion or coercion are punished with whipping by one hundred strokes as a penalty if not married. [...] If the adulterer or the adulteress are married, they are punished by stoning them to death."[156]

Europe[edit]

Key	Country	Notes
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	It has a civil law system.[19]
	Germany	Under certain conditions, Sharia rules on domestic relations are recognized by German courts based on private international law if no party has German citizenship. The outcome must not violate the principles of the German legal system according to the ordre public.[157]
	Greece	Muslim populations ofWestern Thrace are subjected to Sharia, in issues related to family law, in the terms of theTreaty of Sevres.[158] At November, 2017, the Greek government announced plans to reduce the power of islamic law, making sure that its use is optional.[159]
	United Kingdom	As of 2014, there were reported to be around 85 "shariah courts" in the UK,[160][161] with examples includingIslamic Sharia Counciland the newer, smaller, less strict Muslim Arbitration Tribunal.[160][162] The councils/tribunals provide arbitration that is voluntary but legally binding, are "officially mandated" and set up outside the court system.[162][163] During recent years Sharia councils have been used increasingly in the UK and there are claims some of them act unfairly to women including legitimizingforced marriages and issuing discriminatorydivorces to women. There are claims that some women were victims of inequitable decisions. According toPrime Minister, Theresa May, there is only one rule of law in the UK providing security for all citizens. There will be an independent review of whether Sharia discriminates against women, also "whether, and to what extent, the application of Sharia law may be incompatible with the law in England and Wales".[164]

Territories with limited recognition[edit]

Key	Country	Notes
	Palestine	The Egyptian personal status law of 1954 is applied. The personal status law is based on Islamic law and regulates matters related to inheritance, marriage, divorce and child custody. Shari’a courts hear cases related to personal status. The testimony of a woman is worth only half of that of a man in cases related to marriage, divorce and child custody.[165]
	Kosovo	Civil law system.[19]
	Northern Cyprus	It has a secular legal system with heavy influence of modern-day Turkish laws. Info about whether civil or common law applies remains very vague.[166]
	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Local qadis (shariajudges) have jurisdiction over personal status and family law issues.[167]
	Somaliland	Islamic and customary law apply.[168]

Regional variations[edit]

Country	Key	Region(s)	Notes
Greece		Western Thrace	Under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Sharia regulates marriage, divorce, custody of children and inheritance for Muslims who reside in Western Thrace; the treaty also allows for the establishment of auqaf.[169] Muslim can alternatively choose a civil marriage and take their cases to civil court.[169]The question of the use of Sharia in Greece is the subject of recent[when?]judicial review.[170]
		Rest of Greece	In other parts of Greece, all people are subjected exclusively to the provisions of the civil code, regardless of their religion.[171]
Indonesia		Aceh	Aceh is the only part of Indonesia to apply Sharia in full. Islamic courts in Aceh had long handled cases of marriage, divorce and inheritance. After special autonomy legislation was passed in 2001, the reach of courts extend to criminal justice.[172] Offences such as being alone with an unrelated member of the opposite gender, gambling and breaking Islamic dress rules can be punished with a public caning.[173] In 2014, the provincial government of Aceh extended sharia's reach, enacting and enforcing sharia to apply it to non-Muslims as well.[174][175]
		Rest of Indonesia	In other parts of Indonesia, religious courts have jurisdiction over civil cases between Muslim spouses on matters concerning marriage, divorce, reconciliation, and alimony. The competence of religious courts is not exclusive, and parties can apply to District Courts for adjudication on basis of Roman Dutch law or localadat.[176][needs update] Suharto’s New Order expanded the reach of Islamic law, first with the 1974 Marriage Act, which assigned jurisdiction over the marriage and divorce of Muslims to the Islamic courts (Indonesian: peradilan agama), and with the 1989 Religious Judicature Act, which elevated Islamic courts by making them a parallel legal system, equal to state courts and gave them jurisdiction over inheritance (wasiyyah), gifts (hibah) and religious endowments.[177] Muslim litigants could originally choose whether to have inheritance questions decided by the Islamic courts or by the civil courts, but a 2006 amendment eliminated this possibility; the same amendment gave Islamic courts new jurisdiction over property disputes, including financial and economic matters.[177] Muslims seeking a divorce must also file their claim in Islamic courts.[177] The Compilation of Islamic Law 1991 (Indonesian: Kompilasi Hukum Islam) regulates marriage, inheritance, and charitable trusts (wakaf).[177] Islamic law falls outside the jurisdiction of theConstitutional Court.[177] Since 2006, a number of districts have issued local ordinances based on sharia.[178]
Nigeria(article)		Sharia states	Until 1999, Islamic law applied primarily to civil matters, but twelve of Nigeria’s thirty-six states have since extended Sharia to criminal matters.[179] Sharia courts can order amputations, and a few have been carried out.[180] The twelve sharia states are Zamfara,Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa,Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger,Sokoto and Yobe.[181]
		Borno, Gombe and Yobe	Borno, Gombe and Yobe have not yet begun to apply their Sharia Penal Codes.[182]
		Rest of Nigeria	The rest of Nigeria has a mixed legal system of English common law and traditional law.[19]
Thailand		Yala, Narathiwat, Pattani and Songkhla	In Yala, Narathiwat, Pattani andSongkhla provinces, Islamic law is allowed for settling family and inheritance issues under a 1946 law.[183]
		Rest of Thailand	The remaining provinces of Thailand have a civil law system with common law influences.[19]
United Arab Emirates(article)		Dubai andRas Al Khaimah	Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah are not part of the federal judicial system.[184]
		Rest of the UAE	The court system comprises Sharia courts and civil courts. Judicial corporal punishment is a legal form of punishment in UAE due to the Sharia courts. Flogging is used in UAE as a punishment for criminal offences such as adultery, premarital sex and prostitution.[185] In most emirates, floggings of Muslims are frequent, especially for adultery, prostitution and drunkenness, with sentences ranging from 80 to 200 lashes.[186][187]Between 2007 and 2013, many people were sentenced to 100 lashes.[185][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]Moreover, in 2010 and 2012, several Muslims were sentenced to 80 lashes for alcohol consumption.[195][196] Under UAE law, premarital sex is punishable by 100 lashes.[197] Stoning is a legal form of judicial punishment in UAE. In 2006, an expatriate was sentenced to death by stoning for committing adultery.[198] Between 2009 and 2013, several people were sentenced to death by stoning.[191][199][200] In May 2014, an Asian housemaid was sentenced to death by stoning in Abu Dhabi.[201][202][203] Islamic law dictates the personal status law, which regulate matters such as marriage, divorce and child custody. The Sharia-based personal status law is applied to Muslims and sometimes non-Muslims.[204] Non-Muslim expatriates are liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce and child custody.[204] Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdiction to hear family disputes, including matters involving divorce, inheritances, child custody, child abuse and guardianship of minors. Sharia courts may also hear appeals of certain criminal cases including rape, robbery, and related crimes.[184] Apostasy is a crimepunishable by death in the UAE. UAE incorporates hudud crimes of Sharia into its Penal Code – apostasy being one of them.[205] Article 1 and Article 66 of UAE's Penal Code requires hudud crimes to be punished with the death penalty,[205][206] therefore apostasy is punishable by death in the UAE. Emirati women must receive permission from male guardian to remarry.[207] The requirement is derived from Sharia, and has been federal law since 2005.[207] In all emirates, it is illegal for Muslim women to marry non-Muslims.[208] In the UAE, a marriage union between a Muslim woman and non-Muslim man is punishable by law, since it is considered a form of "fornication".[208]

See also[edit]

• Status of women's testimony in Islam
• Islam and secularism
• Ban on sharia law

References[edit]

1. Jump up^ Otto, Jan Michiel (2009). Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. Leiden: Leiden University Press. pp. 615–16.ISBN 978-9087280574.
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b "I have a right to". BBC World Service. Retrieved 24 February2013.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ali Mazrui stated that "most Muslim countries do not use traditional classical Islamic punishments". Pate, Matthew; Gould, Laurie A. (31 August 2012). Corporal Punishment Around the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 51. ISBN 978-0313391316. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
4. Jump up^ "The Emergence of Sharia Law". Online NewsHour. Retrieved20 February 2013.
5. Jump up^ Brooks-Pollock, Tom (15 December 2015). "The countries where a majority of Muslims want to live under Sharia law". The Independent. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
6. Jump up^ Lapidus, Ira (1996), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World edited by Francis Robinson, Cambridge University Press, pp. 293–98. "The reintroduction of Sharia is a longstanding goal for Islamist movements in Muslim countries".
7. Jump up^ Hamann, Katie (29 December 2009). "Aceh's Sharia Law Still Controversial in Indonesia". Voice of America. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
   • Iijima, Masako (13 January 2010). "Islamic Police Tighten Grip on Indonesia's Aceh". Reuters. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
   • "Aceh Sharia Police Loved and Hated". The Jakarta Post.
8. Jump up^ Staff (3 January 2003). "Analysis: Nigeria's Sharia Split". BBC News. Retrieved 19 September 2011. "Thousands of people have been killed in fighting between Christians and Muslims following the introduction of sharia punishments in northern Nigerian states over the past three years".
   • Harnischfeger, Johannes (2008).
      • p. 16. "When the Governor of Kaduna announced the introduction of Sharia, although non-Muslims form almost half of the population, violence erupted, leaving more than 1,000 people dead."
      • p. 189. "When a violent confrontation loomed in February 200, because the strong Christian minority in Kaduna was unwilling to accept the proposed sharia law, the sultan and his delegation of 18 emirs went to see the governor and insisted on the passage of the bill."
   • Mshelizza, Ibrahim (28 July 2009). "Fight for Sharia Leaves Dozens Dead in Nigeria – Islamic Militants Resisting Western Education Extend Their Campaign of Violence". The Independent. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
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   • Staff (28 December 2010). "Timeline: Tensions in Nigeria – A Look at the Country's Bouts of Inter-Religious and Ethnic Clashes and Terror Attacks". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 19 September 2011. "Thousands of people are killed in northern Nigeria as non-Muslims opposed to the introduction of sharia, or Islamic law, fight Muslims who demand its implementation in the northern state of Kaduna.".
   • Ibrahimova, Roza (27 July 2009). "Dozens Killed in Violence in Northern Nigeria" (video (requires Adobe Flash; 00:01:49)). Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 19 September 2011. "The group Boko Haram, which wants to impose sharia (Islamic law) across the country, has attacked police stations and churches."
9. Jump up^ [1]. Library of Congress Country Studies: Sudan:. "The factors that provoked the military coup, primarily the closely intertwined issues of Islamic law and of the civil war in the south, remained unresolved in 1991. The September 1983 implementation of the sharia throughout the country had been controversial and provoked widespread resistance in the predominantly non-Muslim south ... Opposition to the sharia, especially to the application of hudud (sing., hadd), or Islamic penalties, such as the public amputation of hands for theft, was not confined to the south and had been a principal factor leading to the popular uprising of April 1985 that overthrew the government of Jaafar an Nimeiri".
   • Marchal, R. (2013), Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war. Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform, pp. 331–52
   • "Civil war was sparked in 1983 when the military regime tried to impose sharia law as part of its overall policy to 'Islamicize' all of Sudan". Frontline: Pbs.org. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
   • Tibi, Bassam (2008). Political Islam, World Politics and Europe.Routledge. p. 33. "The shari'a was imposed on non-Muslim Sudanese peoples in September 1983, and since that time Muslims in the north have been fighting a jihad against the non-Muslims in the south."
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    • Stahnke, Tad and Robert C. Blitt (2005), "The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Predominantly Muslim Countries." Georgetown Journal of International Law, volume 36, issue 4; also see Sharia Law profile by Country, Emory University (2011)
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55. Jump up^ Dièye, Abdoulaye (2009). "Secularism in Senegal: Withstanding the Challenge of Local Realities" (PDF). Institute for the Study of Islamic Thought in Africa. p. 10. Retrieved 3 October 2014. More recently a personal status code in accordance with the Sharia for Senegalese Muslims instead of the present Family Code was adopted and propagated by the Islamic Committee for the Reform of the Family Code in Senegal.
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85. Jump up^ قانون مجازات اسلامی
86. Jump up^ Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0521528917. They allowed women to study abroad on state scholarships. They even passed bills directly contradicting traditional interpretations of the sharia. They eliminated all distinctions between men and women, between Muslims and non-Muslims, in accepting witnesses in court and awarding monetary compensations for damages. They increased the marriageable age for girls to fifteen (from thirteen). They reopened the judiciary to women. They gave them equal rights in divorce courts and permitted them to have custody rights over children under the age of seven. Never before in the Middle East had a freely elected parliament so blatantly challenged basic tenets of the sharia. What is more, they ratified the UN Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women – the USA has still refused to ratify this highly egalitarian convention. The liberal cause was further bolstered when Ayatollah Youssef Sanai, one of Khomeini’s favorite disciples, came out in full support of women’s rights. He ruled that the law should not differentiate between the sexes, and that women should have the right to become presidents, chief judges, and even Supreme Leaders.
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90. Jump up^ "Religion, Law, and Iraq's Personal Status Code". Islamopedia Online. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
91. Jump up^ "Iraq Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
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93. Jump up^ "Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of" (PDF). Law.yale.edu. p. 21.
94. Jump up^ "Jordan Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
95. Jump up^ "UPDATE: Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan". GlobaLex. New York University School of Law. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
96. Jump up^ Paul Brummell (1 March 2012). Kazakhstan. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 21. ISBN 978-1841623696. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
97. Jump up^ "Constitution of Kuwait". Dustur Dawlat Al-Kuwait, Government of Kuwait (2014).
98. Jump up^ "State of Kuwait, Public Administration Profile" (PDF). United Nations. p. 7.
99. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Kuwait Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
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101. Jump up^ Monroe E. Price; Stefaan Verhulst; Libby Morgan (2013). Routledge Handbook of Media Law. pp. 262–64. ISBN 978-1135109004.
102. Jump up^ "Kyrgyz Republic – Religious Laws".
103. Jump up^ "The Lebanese Constitution promulgated on May 23, 1926, with its Amendments". World Intellectual Property Organization.
104. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Harding, Andrew. Otto, Jan, ed. Sharia Incorporated. Leiden University Press. pp. 491–521. ISBN 978-9087280574.
105. Jump up^ Otto, Jan Michiel (2009). Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. Leiden: Leiden University Press. pp. 504–505.ISBN 978-9087280574. In Terengganu, where PAS took over the State government between 1999 and 2004, a hudud law was also passed.
106. Jump up^ Otto, Jan Michiel (2009). Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present. Leiden: Leiden University Press. pp. 504–05.ISBN 978-9087280574. On November 25, 1993, the State Legislative Assembly unanimously approved the hudud law.
107. Jump up^ Shad Furuqi (2005), The Malaysian Constitution, the Islamic state and Hudud Laws, Chapter 13 in Islam in Southeast Asia (Editors: Nathan and Kamali), Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-9812302830
108. Jump up^ Saw Swee-Hock; K Kesavapany (January 2006). Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 105.ISBN 978-9812303394. this law, being in contravention to the Federal Constitution, has remained inoperative.
109. Jump up^ Peri Bearman; Professor Rudolph Peters (28 August 2014). The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 240. ISBN 978-1409438939. the government of Kelantan admitted to the largely symbolic nature of the law, with the Chief Minister of Kelantan stating a few days after its unanimous passage that it "could not be implemented until the Federal Government of Malaysia makes changes to the Federal Constitution"
110. Jump up^ Arskal Salim (2008). Challenging the Secular State: The Islamization of Law in Modern Indonesia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0824832377. The bill, however, was rejected by the Malaysian federal government on the grounds that it clashed with the federal constitution.
111. Jump up^ "Woman in Malaysia Caning Sentence Freed". WSJ.com. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
112. Jump up^ "Malaysia begins caning women for adultery". CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
113. Jump up^ Jonathan Fox (19 May 2008). A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-1139472593. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
114. Jump up^ Pak, Jennifer (5 September 2011). "Malaysia's parallel judicial systems come up against legal challenges". BBC News. Retrieved18 February 2013.
115. Jump up^ "Maldives Penal Code" (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2013.
116. Jump up^ "Maldives". Law.emory.edu. 16 March 1983. Retrieved 18 February2013.
117. Jump up^ Mechantaf, Khalil. "The Legal System and Research in the Sultanate of Oman". GlobaLex. New York University School of Law.
118. Jump up^ "Sultanate of Oman". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved18 February 2013.
119. Jump up^ "Oman". Freedom House. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
120. Jump up^ "Oman Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
121. Jump up^ Graeme R. Newman (19 October 2010). Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 336–37. ISBN 978-0313351341.
122. Jump up^ "Islam and the Legal System". Islamopedia Online. Retrieved2013-02-18.
123. Jump up^ Jonathan Fox (2008-05-19). A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-1139472593. Retrieved 2013-02-18.
124. Jump up^ "The Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance (VII of 1979)" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
125. Jump up^ "Pakistan votes to amend rape laws". BBC News. 2006-11-15. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
126. Jump up^ Oxford Business Group. The Report: The Philippines 2010. Oxford Business Group. p. 14. ISBN 978-1907065118. Retrieved 19 February2013.
127. Jump up^ "A primer on the Philippine Sharia courts" (PDF). Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
128. Jump up^ Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines.
129. Jump up^ "Analysis: Mindanao's uncertain road to peace". IRIN News. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
130. Jump up^ "The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar". Government of Qatar.
131. Jump up^ "Constitution of Qatar". According to Article 1: Qatar is an independent Arab country. Islam is its religion and Islamic law is the main source of its legislation.
132. Jump up^ "Qatar Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
133. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 – Qatar". Amnesty International. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
134. ^ Jump up to:^a b c "Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar".
135. Jump up^ "Qatar sentences man to 40 lashes for drinking alcohol". Arabian Business.
136. Jump up^ "Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol". Al Akhbar.
137. Jump up^ "Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol". Al Arabiya.
138. Jump up^ "Indian expat sentenced to 40 lashes in Qatar for drink-driving". Arabian Business.
139. Jump up^ "Law No. (11) of 2004 Penal Code" (PDF). Qatar Financial Information Unit.
140. Jump up^ "Prison Information Pack – Saudi Arabia". Ukinsaudiarabia.fco.gov.uk. 9 April 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
141. Jump up^ "MENA Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF. Retrieved23 February 2013.
142. Jump up^ "Singapore". Law.emory.edu. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
143. Jump up^ "Muslim Law in Sri Lanka". Sri Lanka Daily News. Retrieved19 February 2013.
144. Jump up^ "Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)". Law.emory.edu. Retrieved21 August 2013.
145. Jump up^ "Syria". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 13.
146. Jump up^ "Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)". Law.emory.edu. Retrieved18 February 2013.
147. Jump up^ "Syria Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
148. Jump up^ Tajikistan Religious laws. pp. 158–60
149. Jump up^ Ioannis N. Grigoriadis (30 October 2012). Instilling Religion in Greek and Turkish Nationalism: A "Sacred Synthesis". Palgrave Macmillan. p. 63. ISBN 978-1137301192. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
150. Jump up^ http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Government/Legal-system
151. Jump up^ Jonathan Fox (19 May 2008). A World Survey of Religion and the State. Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–48. ISBN 978-1139472593. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
152. Jump up^ "Turkmenistan Religious laws U.S. State Department".
153. Jump up^ "Uzbekistan Religious Laws".
154. Jump up^ "Islam and Law After Unification: Debates and Challenges". Islamopedia Online. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
155. Jump up^ "Yemen, Republic of". Law.emory.edu. Retrieved 18 February2013.
156. Jump up^ "Republican Decree, By Law No. 12 for 1994, Concerning Crimes and Penalties". UNHCR Refworld. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
157. Jump up^ "Sharia Courts in Western Democracies? – An Interview with Manfred Brocker". November 2012.
158. Jump up^ Macris, P.C. (2017-02-18). "Sharia Law in Thrace". Le Courrier Diplomatique. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
159. Jump up^ Chrysopoulos, Philip (2017-11-16). "Greek PM Tsipras Limits Sharia Law in Western Thrace". Greek Reporter. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
160. ^ Jump up to:^a b Francois-Cerrah, Myriam (17 Jul 2014). "Why banning Sharia courts would harm British Muslim women". The Telegraph. Retrieved31 August 2015.
161. Jump up^ Islamic Sharia Council Leyton, East London
162. ^ Jump up to:^a b Graham, David A. (20 January 2015). "Why the Muslim 'No-Go-Zone' Myth Won't Die". The Atlantic. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
163. Jump up^ "Sharia in the West. Whose law counts most?". The Economist. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
164. Jump up^ Sharia law review to focus on fairness to UK women – Theresa May
165. Jump up^ "Occupied Palestinian Territory Gender Equality Profile" (PDF). UNICEF.
166. Jump up^ "The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus".cypnet.co.uk.
167. Jump up^ Eric Goldstein; Bill Van Esveld, ed. (2008). Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps. Human Rights Watch. p. 216. ISBN 1564324206.
168. Jump up^ "Introduction to Somaliland Law". somalilandlaw.com.
169. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Greece" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. pp. 2–4. Retrieved16 January 2015.
170. Jump up^ See also Vassilios Koufianidis (2011). The role of the Mufti and of the sacred law of Islam in the Greek legal system. Komotini: Diploma paper submitted to the Democritian University of Thrace (in Greek).
171. Jump up^ Kakoulidou, Eirini. "The application of Shari'ah in the Greek area of Western Thrace". Academia.edu. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
172. Jump up^ http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/117_islamic_law_and_criminal_justice_in_aceh.ashx
173. Jump up^ "Aceh passes adultery stoning law". BBC News. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
174. Jump up^ Aceh fully enforces sharia The Jakarta Post (7 February 2014)
175. Jump up^ Laying down God's law The Economist (15 February 2014). SeeIslamic criminal law in Aceh.
176. Jump up^ "Indonesia". Law.emory.edu. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
177. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Mark E. Cammack; R. Michael Feener. "The Islamic Legal System In Indonesia" (PDF). pp. 17–32. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
178. Jump up^ "Indonesia". Freedom in the World 2012. Freedom House. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
179. Jump up^ "Working within Nigeria's Sharia Courts". Carnegiecouncil.org. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
180. Jump up^ "Nigeria's Zamfara Sharia court orders amputation". BBC News. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
181. Jump up^ "Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present". Leiden University Press. p. 575 (25). Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
182. Jump up^ "Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present". Leiden University Press. p. 603 (53). Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
183. Jump up^ "Thailand May Extend Shariah Law in Violence-Ridden Muslim South". Bloomberg L.P. 22 June 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
184. ^ Jump up to:^a b "The UAE Court System". Consulate General of the United States Dubai, UAE. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015.
185. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Torture and flogging". Fanack. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
186. Jump up^ "UAE: Judicial corporal punishment by flogging". World Corporal Punishment Research.
187. Jump up^ "United Arab Emirates". Crime and Society.
188. Jump up^ "Pregnant maid to get 100 lashes after being found guilty of illegal affair". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
189. Jump up^ "Teenager to be lashed for adultery".
190. Jump up^ "Illicit lovers sentenced to 100 lashes each".
191. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Two women sentenced to death for adultery".
192. Jump up^ "Prison for couple who conceived outside of wedlock". KA, 19, Emirati, was sentenced to six months in prison. Her would-be husband, AM, Omani, was sentenced to 100 lashes and one year in prison.
193. Jump up^ "Adulterer to be lashed, jailed in Sharjah".
194. Jump up^ "DUBAI: Alleged victim of gang rape sentenced to one year in prison". At that point, she was facing a penalty for extramarital sex, which is 100 lashes and a minimum of three years in prison.
195. Jump up^ "Man to get 80 lashes for drinking alcohol". 2010.
196. Jump up^ "Man appeals 80 lashes for drinking alcohol in Abu Dhabi". 2012.
197. Jump up^ "Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning". Under the same law, premarital sex is punishable by 100 lashes.
198. Jump up^ "UAE: Death by stoning/ flogging". Amnesty.
199. Jump up^ "Man faces stoning in UAE for incest".
200. Jump up^ "Woman denies affair after hearing she faces stoning".
201. Jump up^ "Woman Sentenced to Death by Stoning in UAE".
202. Jump up^ "Asian housemaid gets death for adultery in Abu Dhabi".
203. Jump up^ "Expat faces death by stoning after admitting in court to cheating on husband". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
204. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Britons 'liable to Sharia divorces' in UAE". BBC.
205. ^ Jump up to:^a b Butti Sultan Butti Ali Al-Muhairi (1996), The Islamisation of Laws in the UAE: The Case of the Penal Code, Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1996), pp. 350–71
206. Jump up^ Al-Muhairi (1997), Conclusion to the Series of Articles on the UAE Penal Law. Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4
207. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Divorcees, widows concerned about receiving 'permission' before remarrying".
208. ^ Jump up to:^a b "United Arab Emirates". U.S. Department of State.

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